Tuesday, November 16, 2021

Hemodiyaliz Hastaları "HbsAg+", "Anti-HBs+ geçirmiş", "Anti-Hbs+ Aşılı ve Naiv" Olmak Üzere 3 Gruba Ayrılmalıdır ve Her Grup İçin Ayrı Hemodiyaliz Makinası Kullanılmalıdır.

 HEMODİYALİZ HASTALARI HBSAG+, ANTİ-HBS+ GEÇİRMİŞ, ANTİ-HBS+ AŞILI VE NAİV OLMAK ÜZERE 3 GRUBA AYRILMALIDIR VE HER GRUP İÇİN AYRI HEMODİYALİZ MAKİNASI KULLANILMALIDIR 

Uz. Dr. Mehmet Eren YÜKSEL

Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Yoğun Bakım Bilim Dalı, Ankara

Giriş: Okult Hepatit B, Hepatit B virüs (HBV) DNA’sının HBV yüzey antijeni (HbsAg) olmaksızın devamlı insan vücudunda bulunması halidir (1-3). Okult Hepatit B’nin primer yerleşim yerinin karaciğer olduğu düşünülmüş olsa da enfekte olan karaciğer alındıktan sonra karaciğer nakli yapılan hastalarda HBV’nin sebat ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum, HBV’nin ekstrahepatik rezervuarlarının olduğunu göstermektedir (4).

Türkiye’de hemodiyalize alınacak olan hastalar HbsAg-pozitif olan ve Anti-HBs-pozitif  olmak üzere 2 gruba ayrılmaktadır ve hastalar 2 farklı hemodiyaliz makinasında hemodiyalize girmektedir. Ancak, hemodiyaliz tedavisi uygulanan ve hemodiyaliz tedavisine başlamadan önce HbsAg-negatif olan ve daha önce Hepatit-B virüsü ile karşılaşmamış olan hastalar Anti-HBs-pozitif olan hastaların hemodiyalize alındığı makinalarda hemodiyalize alınsa da, söz konusu hastalarda bir süre sonra HbsAg-pozitifliği görülebilmektedir.

Yöntem: Pubmed’de 1994 yılından itibaren HBs-antijeni-negatif ve Anti-HBs-pozitif olmasına rağmen Hepatit-B reaktivasyonu görülen vaka sunumları ve derlemeler ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir.

Tartışma: Kan transfüzyonu ile Hepatit-B virüs enfeksiyonu bulaşabilir (5). Ek olarak, daha önce Hepatit-B geçirmiş olup da Anti-HBs pozitif olan kişiden alınan kan ile yapılan transfüzyon sonrası iki hastanın Hepatit-B ile enfekte olduğu tespit edilmiştir (6). Ayrıca, kendini sınırlayan akut enfeksiyondan 30 yıl sonra bile okult Hepatit-B virüsü tespit edilmiştir (7-10).

Yüksek anti-HBs titresi saptanmış olan kişilerde bile akut Hepatit-B gelişebilir (11). Hematopoietik kök hücre transplantasyonu, renal transplantasyon, kemoterapi, HIV (insan immün yetmezlik virüsü) enfeksiyonu ve rituksimab kullanılması sonrası anti-HBs azalırken HbsAg tekrar ortaya çıkabilir; bu duruma revers serokonversiyon denir (11-17). Örnek olarak, AIDS olan anti-HBs-pozitif hastada lamivudin tedavisinin kesilmesi sonrası Hepatit B reaktivasyonu saptanmıştır (18). Ayrıca, Hepatit-B yüzey antijeni negatif olan myelodisplatik sendrom tanısı olan hastada kemoterapi ve alojenik kemik iliği transplantasyonu sonrası Hepatit-B reaktivasyonu saptanmıştır (19). Ek olarak, HBs-Ag-negatif olan iki multipl myelom hastasında sistemik kemoterapi tedavisi sonrası Hepatit-B reaktivasyonu görülmüştür (20).

Hepatit-B-core antikoru pozitif olan hastaya karaciğer nakli yapıldıktan sonra hastada de novo Hepatit-B enfeksiyonu gelişmiştir (21).  Dahası, hastalar Hepatit-B virüsünün farklı genotipleri ile de enfekte olabilir (22-24). Ayrıca, HbeAg negatif, anti-Hbe pozitif, ölçülemeyen veya düşük seviyede HBV-DNA saptanan hastalar inaktif taşıyıcı olarak tanımlanmıştır (25). İnaktif taşıyıcılarda Hepatit-B reaktivasyonu görülebilir. Ayrıca, Hepatit-B kronik taşıyıcılarında hem HbsAg hem de anti-HBs antikorları bir arada bulunabilmektedir (26).

Söz konusu bilgilerin ışığında, Anti-HbsAg-pozitif olan hastalarda, eğer daha önce Hepatit-B enfeksiyonu geçirdiler ise, Anti-HbsAg varlığına rağmen Hepatit-B reaktivasyonu görülebilir; bu nedenle söz konusu hastalar aynı hemodiyaliz makinasını kullanan daha önce Hepatit-B virüsü ile hiç karşılaşmamış olan naiv hastaların Hepatit-B enfeksiyonu geçirmesine ve ileride kronik Hepatit-B taşıyıcısı olma ihtimaline yol açabilir. 

Sonuç: Hemodiyaliz hastaları “HbsAg+”, “Anti-HBs+ geçirmiş”, “Anti-Hbs+ Aşılı ve Naiv” olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmalıdır ve her grup için 3 farklı hemodiyaliz makinası kullanılmalıdır. Bu sayede, daha önce Hepatit-B virüsü ile karşılaşmamış olan hastalara hemodiyaliz esnasında Hepatit-B virüsünün bulaşması engellenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hemodiyaliz, Hepatit-B, Taşıyıcı

Kaynaklar

1.         Ciesek S, Helfritz FA, Lehmann U, Becker T, Strassburg CP, Neipp M, et al. Persistence of occult hepatitis B after removal of the hepatitis B virus-infected liver. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(3):355-60.

2.         Kato J, Hasegawa K, Torii N, Yamauchi K, Hayashi N. A molecular analysis of viral persistence in surface antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1996;23(3):389-95.

3.         Chemin I, Jeantet D, Kay A, Trépo C. Role of silent hepatitis B virus in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen(-) liver disease. Antiviral Res. 2001;52(2):117-23.

4.         Murakami Y, Minami M, Daimon Y, Okanoue T. Hepatitis B virus DNA in liver, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells after the clearance of serum hepatitis B virus surface antigen. J Med Virol. 2004;72(2):203-14.

5.         Candotti D, Allain JP. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2009;51(4):798-809.

6.         Levicnik-Stezinar S, Rahne-Potokar U, Candotti D, Lelie N, Allain JP. Anti-HBs positive occult hepatitis B virus carrier blood infectious in two transfusion recipients. J Hepatol. 2008;48(6):1022-5.

7.         Bläckberg J, Kidd-Ljunggren K. Occult hepatitis B virus after acute self-limited infection persisting for 30 years without sequence variation. J Hepatol. 2000;33(6):992-7.

8.         Yotsuyanagi H, Yasuda K, Iino S, Moriya K, Shintani Y, Fujie H, et al. Persistent viremia after recovery from self-limited acute hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1998;27(5):1377-82.

9.         Rehermann B, Ferrari C, Pasquinelli C, Chisari FV. The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients' recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Nat Med. 1996;2(10):1104-8.

10.       Michalak TI, Pasquinelli C, Guilhot S, Chisari FV. Hepatitis B virus persistence after recovery from acute viral hepatitis. J Clin Invest. 1994;94(2):907.

11.       Ozaras R, Ar C, Ongoren S, Mete B, Tabak F, Mert A, et al. Acute hepatitis B despite a previous high titer of anti-HBs. Hepatol Int. 2010;4(2):530-2.

12.       Palmore TN, Shah NL, Loomba R, Borg BB, Lopatin U, Feld JJ, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B with reappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(10):1130-7.

13.       Viganò M, Vener C, Lampertico P, Annaloro C, Pichoud C, Zoulim F, et al. Risk of hepatitis B surface antigen seroreversion after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(1):125-31.

14.       Berger A, Preiser W, Kachel HG, Stürmer M, Doerr HW. HBV reactivation after kidney transplantation. J Clin Virol. 2005;32(2):162-5.

15.       Bagaglio S, Porrino L, Lazzarin A, Morsica G. Molecular characterization of occult and overt hepatitis B (HBV) infection in an HIV-infected person with reactivation of HBV after antiretroviral treatment interruption. Infection. 2010;38(5):417-21.

16.       Gossmann J, Scheuermann EH, Kachel HG, Geiger H, Hauser IA. Reactivation of hepatitis B two years after rituximab therapy in a renal transplant patient with recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a note of caution. Clin Transplant. 2009;23(3):431-4.

17.       Schmeltzer P, Sherman KE. Occult hepatitis B: clinical implications and treatment decisions. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(12):3328-35.

18.       Altfeld M, Rockstroh JK, Addo M, Kupfer B, Pult I, Will H, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B in a long-term anti-HBs-positive patient with AIDS following lamivudine withdrawal. J Hepatol. 1998;29(2):306-9.

19.       Pérez-Grande R, Gutiérrez-Zufiaurre N, Muñoz-Criado S, Blázquez de Castro AM, Vázquez López L, González San Martín F, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patient after allogeneic bone marrow transplant: successful treatment with lamivudine and seroconversion. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;64(1):80-2.

20.       Yoshida T, Kusumoto S, Inagaki A, Mori F, Ito A, Ri M, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus in HBsAg-negative patients with multiple myeloma: two case reports. Int J Hematol. 2010;91(5):844-9.

21.       Prieto M, Gómez MD, Berenguer M, Córdoba J, Rayón JM, Pastor M, et al. De novo hepatitis B after liver transplantation from hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors in an area with high prevalence of anti-HBc positivity in the donor population. Liver Transpl. 2001;7(1):51-8.

22.       Kidd-Ljunggren K, Myhre E, Bläckberg J. Clinical and serological variation between patients infected with different Hepatitis B virus genotypes. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(12):5837-41.

23.       Kidd-Ljunggren K, Miyakawa Y, Kidd AH. Genetic variability in hepatitis B viruses. J Gen Virol. 2002;83(Pt 6):1267-80.

24.       Blanpain C, Knoop C, Delforge ML, Antoine M, Peny MO, Liesnard C, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B after transplantation in patients with pre-existing anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies: report on three cases and review of the literature. Transplantation. 1998;66(7):883-6.

25.       Sharma SK, Saini N, Chwla Y. Hepatitis B virus: inactive carriers. Virol J. 2005;2:82.

26.       Colson P, Borentain P, Motte A, Henry M, Moal V, Botta-Fridlund D, et al. Clinical and virological significance of the co-existence of HBsAg and anti-HBs antibodies in hepatitis B chronic carriers. Virology. 2007;367(1):30-40.

 3. Ulusal Sağlık Hizmetleri Sempozyumu- 19 - 20 Kasım 2021

https://www.ushs2021.com/




Monday, November 01, 2021

Friday, September 17, 2021

Milliyet, 10 Eylül 2021

Hafta başında Ankara Şehir Hastanesi yoğun bakım doktorlarının uyarılarını yazmıştım. Özellikle gebe olup da kovide yakalanan hastaların sayısının arttığı ve kayıpların olduğu vurgulanmıştı. Bir kaç gündür bazı illerden de benzer haberler geliyor.

Yoğun bakım doktoru Mehmet Eren Yüksel’in şu uyarıları çok önemli:

“Son günlerde gebe olup da kovide yakalanan çok hastamız var. 

Özellikle hamile olan hastalarımızda aşı olma yüzdesinin çok düşük olduğunu görüyoruz. 

Sezeryanla bebekleri almak gerekiyor. Birçoğu erken doğum olduğu için yaşamıyor.

Bu süreçte genç anne ve bebeklerinin ölümlerinin önüne geçmek için gebeler mutlaka aşı olmalı."

Abdullah Karakuş, Milliyet, 10 Eylül 2021

 https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/abdullah-karakus/afganistandaki-hukumet-ve-kadinlar-ne-yapar-6594500

Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in nasopharyngeal RT-PCR test in COVID-19 patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A case report

Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in nasopharyngeal RT-PCR test in COVID-19 patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A case report

Dr. Hasan Dirik

Ankara City Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Ankara, Turkey. e-mail: hsndrk_38@hotmail.com

Dr. Şerife Bektaş

Ankara City Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Ankara, Turkey. e-mail: serifegbektas@gmail.com

Dr. Mehmet Eren Yüksel

Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University School of Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Ankara, Turkey. e-mail: doctormehmeteren@yahoo.com

Prof. Dr. Seval İzdeş

Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University School of Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: sevalizdes@yahoo.com

Introduction:The detection of viral ribonucleic acid using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) within nasopharyngeal swabs is essential for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) represents a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms which are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, cytopenia, and risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Hereby, we present a 62-year-old female patient with both MDS and Covid-19, who continued to have a positive nasopharyngeal RT-PCR test for 46 days until she passed away.

Case Report: The patient, who was diagnosed with MDS in August 2020, was complaining of high fever. She had had two doses of Sinovac vaccine. Past medical history was remarkable for chemotherapy which was ended 1 month before. Bone marrow transplantation was planned within a week. Despite the i.v. ertapenem treatment, high fever persisted, and neutropenia occurred. White blood cell count (Wbc) was 0.43 x109/L. Blood and urinary cultures revealed extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test on nasopharyngeal swab was performed, which was revealed to be positive. Antibiotic treatment was initiated. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. Afterwards, serial nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the patient for 46 days until she passed away, and all were positive for Covid-19.

Discussion: In the medical literature, long-term (longer than 3 weeks) SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positivity has been reported in mild or asymptomatic patients. There are a few number of publications dealing with MDS and Covid-19 in the English medical literature. Qing et al. reported MDS in a 30-year-old man with Covid-19, however, RT-PCR positive period was not mentioned. SARS-CoV-2 clearance period depends on immunity of the patients and Covid-19 infection may have  a prolonged course in patients with hematological disorders such as MDS.

References

1. Platzbecker U, Kubasch AS, Hom:er-Bouthiette C, Prebet T. Current challenges and unmet medical needs in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia. 2021;35(8):2182-98.

2. Kim SM, Hwang YJ, Kwak Y. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 detection and reversed RT-PCR results in mild or asymptomatic patients. Infect Dis (Lond). 2021;53(1):31-7.

3. Bhattacharya B, Kumar R, Meena VP, Soneja M, Singh A, Das R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR profile in 298 Indian COVID-19 patients: a retrospective observational study. Pathog Dis. 2021;79(1).

4. Xu W, Piper-Vallillo AJ, Bindal P, Wischhusen J, Patel JM, Costa DB, et al. Time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance among patients with cancer and COVID-19. Cancer Med. 2021;10(5):1545-9.

5. Qing X, Cai J, Rock A. Myelodysplastic syndrome in a 30-year-old man with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a diagnostic challenge. Autops Case Rep. 2021;11:e2021274.

Conference: 2. International Cancer Days, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 16-18 September 2021

https://kansergunleri.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/?page_id=589&lang=tr

Comparison Of Colorectal Cancer Screening Programmes Of Turkey and The European Union

Comparison Of Colorectal Cancer Screening Programmes Of Turkey and The European Union

Dr. Mehmet Eren Yuksel

Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University School of Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Ankara, Turkey. e-mail: doctormehmeteren@yahoo.com

Dr. Hasan Dirik

Ankara City Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Ankara, Turkey. e-mail: hsndrk_38@hotmail.com

Introduction: Faecal immunochemical test (FIT), faecal occult blood test (FOBT), flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS), Guaiac faecal occult blood test (gFOBT) and total colonoscopy (TC) can be used for colorectal cancer screening. However, Turkey and other European countries have different practices for colorectal screening tests, beginning-stopping ages and screening intervals.

Method: World Cancer Report, which was published by World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency For Research on Cancer in 2020, has been throughly examined (1).

Results: Colorectal cancer screening starting age is 40 in Bulgaria and Austria, whereas it is 50 in Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Scotland, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey, and  it is 55 in Netherlands, Poland and Norway, whereas it is 60 in Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and United Kingdom. The stopping age for colorectal cancer screening is 60 in Bulgaria, 69 in Turkey, 80 in Austria and Switzerland. Interval period is 1 year in Bulgaria and Latvia, whereas it is 2 years in most of the European countries. Attendance to the colorectal screening programme is 1% in Hungary and Portugal, 2% in Poland, 8% in Greece and Spain,13% in Sweden, 30% in Turkey, 56% in United Kingdom and 61% in Austria.

Conclusion: WHO reported no definitive colorectal cancer screening interval period for Turkey, however, Turkish Ministry of Health recommends FOBT every 2 years and TC in every 10 years (2). For gFOBT, dietary restrictions are required before testing (1). However, FIT is based on human haemoglobin antibodies, and thus it does not require a special diet before testing. This might explain why FIT is the preferred colorectal cancer screening test in most of the European countries.

Keywords: cancer, colorectal, Europe, screening, Turkey

References:

1- Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW, editors (2020). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: http://publications.iarc.fr/586. Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.

2- Turkish Ministry of Health. Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme National Standards. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/kanser-tarama-standartlari/listesi/kolorektal-kanser-tarama-program%C4%B1-ulusal-standartlar%C4%B1.html

Conference: 2. International Cancer Days, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 16-18 September 2021

https://kansergunleri.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/?page_id=589&lang=tr